"The collapse of the Afghan government on August 15, 2021, marked the conclusion of two decades of war in Afghanistan, and international efforts, primarily led by the United States, to establish stable governance institutions in Afghanistan. The initial phase began in December 2001 in Bonn, Germany, where Afghan and international stakeholders devised a plan to form a new government, excluding the Taliban. This led to the Bonn Agreement, appointing Hamid Karzai as the head of the interim administration and establishing a constitution with a centralized presidential system in a country characterized by significant urban-rural divides and no history of centralized democracy."