“This report highlights the complex interplay of socio-economic, legal and human rights factors that shape the lives of kulbars, shedding light on the adverse conditions and risks they encounter. It explores the implications for individuals, their communities and the broader regional context. By examining the challenges faced by kulbars, the report advocates for a new, decisive and comprehensive understanding of the kulbari phenomenon by both regional and national state representatives in Iran, alongside regional and international stakeholders. It asserts that informal workers, too, are entitled to the same rights as those in the formal sector. The report calls for targeted, practical and legal interventions to tackle the systemic issues affecting kulbars, aiming to enhance their well-being and safeguard their rights in the western border regions of Iran.”